Paradigm of Law and Human Rights as a Protection of Academic Freedom in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v2i1.41Keywords:
Academic Freedom, Higher Education, Violence and Terror, Law and Human RightsAbstract
Various attacks on academic freedom in Indonesia are like an iceberg phenomenon. The conditions are very worrying but not surprising, considering that repressive practices in the academic world are common in Indonesia. How is the legal mechanism of human rights and theoretical views responding to the threats to academic freedom in Indonesia. This research uses socio-legal study methods to regarding academic freedom in Indonesia and the patterns that follow. The purpose of this research is to rehabilitate and recover victims of terror and threats to academic freedom and ensure that similar cases are not repeated. Various models of threats and attacks on academic freedom, such as: the use of the judiciary to repress academics, banning and followed by sweeping of left books, prohibition or sanctions on teaching methods, forced dissolution of scientific discussions/forums both by campuses and by law enforcement officials and even groups of thugs, Stigmatization which was followed by violence against lecturers and students, as well as threats of violence and terror and even followed by attempts of persecution became a very worrying problem in the situation of academic freedom in Indonesia. Equally important, there is a need for a human rights legal system related to academic freedom that is institutionalized, strong, and binding so that it becomes a code of conduct for exercising academic freedom in Indonesia.
References
Aby, S. H., & Kuhn, J. C. (2000). Academic Freedom: A Guide to the Literature. Greenwood Press.
Adiprasetio, J. (2020). Under the shadow of the state: Media framing of attacks on west papuan students on indonesian online media. Pacific Journalism Review, 26(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i2.1124
Agusman, D. D. (2017). Hukum perjanjian internasional : kajian teori dan praktik Indonesia. Refika Aditama.
Amnesty Internation. (2022). Amnesty International Report 2022/23 The State of the World's Human Rights. https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/WEBPOL1056702023ENGLISH.pdf
Anand, K., & Niaz, L. (2023). The Precarious State of Academic Freedom in Higher Education: The Case of India and Pakistan. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004505315_016
Arrsa, R. C., Listiningrum, P., & Siswanto, A. S. (2022). Urgency of Online Petition to guarantee the Freedom of Speech and Participate Rights in Government. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.5
Barendt, E. (2010). Academic Freedom and the Law: A Comparative Study. Hart Publishing Ltd.
Bernasconi, A. (2021). University autonomy and academic freedom: Contrasting Latin American and U.S. perspectives. Higher Education Governance and Policy, 2(1). https://dergipark.o
Bilgrami, A., & Cole, J. R. (2015). Who is Afraid of Academic Freedom. Columbia University Press.
Burke, D. D., & Sanney, K. J. (2018). Applying the Fraud Triangle to Higher Education: Ethical Implications. Journal of Legal Studies Education, 35(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jlse.12068
Burke, M. J., & Stephens, J. C. (2018). Political power and renewable energy futures: A critical review. Energy Research and Social Science, 35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.018
Byrne, J.P. (2004). The Threat to Constitutional Academic Freedom. Journal of College and University Law, 31(1). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70375566.pdf
Carvalho, E. J., & Downing, D. B. (2010). Academic Freedom in the Post-9/11 Era.
Cháirez-Garza, J. F., Gergan, M. D., Ranganathan, M., & Vasudevan, P. (2022). Introduction to the special issue: Rethinking difference in India through racialization. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1977368
Chen, K. (2019). How bad corruption is around the world? International Politics Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41312-019-00070-w
CNN Indonesia. (2020). Teror dan Pembatalan Diskusi Mahasiswa Hukum UGM. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/Nasional/20200530112959-20-508203/Kronologi-Teror-Dan-Pembatalan-Diskusi-Mahasiswa-Hukum-Ugm.
Cremer, F., Sheehan, B., Fortmann, M., Kia, A. N., Mullins, M., Murphy, F., & Materne, S. (2022). Cyber risk and cybersecurity: a systematic review of data availability. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and Practice, 47(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41288-022-00266-6
Dworkin, R. (1996). We need a new interpretation of academic freedom. Academe, 82(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/40251473
Ergin, H., Wit, H. de, & Leask, B. (2019). Forced Internationalization of Higher Education: An Emerging Phenomenon. International Higher Education, 97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2019.97.10939
Evanty, N. (2020). Komnas HAM: Discrepancies Between its Mandate and the Indonesian Constitutional Framework. National Human Rights Institutions in Southeast Asia: Selected Case Studies, 141–162.
Ferber, A. L. (2018). “Are You Willing to Die for This Work?” Public Targeted Online Harassment in Higher Education: SWS Presidential Address. Gender and Society, 32(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243218766831
Fischer, L. (1977). Academic Freedom and John Dewey. The High School Journal. https://doi.org/Http://Www.Jstor.Org/Stable/40365472, 379–386
Flensner, K. K., & Lippe, M. Von der. (2019). Being safe from what and safe for whom? A critical discussion of the conceptual metaphor of ‘safe space.’ Intercultural Education, 30(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2019.1540102
French, R. (2019). Report of the Independent Review of freedom of speech in Australian higher education providers.
Hillman, J. R., & Baydoun, E. (2019). Quality Assurance and Relevance in Academia: A Review. Major Challenges Facing Higher Education in the Arab World: Quality Assurance and Relevance. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03774-1_2
Human Rights Watch. (2018). Turkey: Government Targeting Academics. Hrw.Org. https://www.hrw.org/News/2018/05/14/Turkey-Government-Targeting-Academics
Karran, T. (2009). Academic freedom in Europe: Time for a Magna Charta? Higher Education Policy, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2009.2
King, T. C., Aggarwal, N., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2020). Artificial Intelligence Crime: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Foreseeable Threats and Solutions. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-00081-0
Kratou, H., & Laakso, L. (2022). The Impact of Academic Freedom on Democracy in Africa. Journal of Development Studies, 58(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1988080
Latif, Y. (2012). Intelegensia Muslim dan Kuasa: Genealogi Inteligensia Muslim Indonesia Abad Ke-20. Yayasan Abad Demokrasi.
Lokataru. (2019). Diberangus di Kampus. Lokataru Foundation.
Malhotra, R., Massoudi, M., & Jindal, R. (2023). An alumni-based collaborative model to strengthen academia and industry partnership: The current challenges and strengths. Education and Information Technologies, 28(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11276-1
Martin, B. (2017). Defending university integrity. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13.
Mauer, M. (2023). Protecting Academic Freedom Through Collective Bargaining: An AAUP Perspective. Journal of Collective Bargaining in the Academy, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.58188/1941-8043.1884
MD, M. M. (1997). Perspektif Politik dan Hukum Tentang Kebebasan Akademik dan Kritik Sosial. Unisia, 17(32). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol17.iss32.art4
Mensah, J. (2019). Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531
Moene, K., & Søreide, T. (2016). Corruption control. Crime, Law and Social Change, 147–163.
Moshman, D. (2017). Academic Freedom as the Freedom to do Academic Work. AAUP Journal of Academic Freedom, 8.
Mudhoffir, A. M. (2023). The limits of civil society activism in Indonesia: the case of the weakening of the KPK. Critical Asian Studies, 55(1).
Muktiono. (2022). Indonesian Blasphemy Law as Legal Forum for Renegotiating Indonesian Secularity. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(1), 48–69. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.1
Mulcahy, L., & Cahill-O’callaghan, R. (2021). Introduction: socio-legal methodologies. Journal of Law and Society, 48(S1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jols.12336
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. (2020). The Dynamics Of Epistemological Decolonisation In The 21st Century: Towards Epistemic Freedom. The Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 40(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35293/srsa.v40i1.268
Norris, P. (2020). Closed Minds? Is a ‘Cancel Culture’ Stifling Academic Freedom and Intellectual Debate in Political Science? Cambridge: HKS Working Paper No. RWP20-025, Kenedy School Harvard University.
O’Malley, B. (2019). 32 deaths in hundreds of violent attacks on HE globally. University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20191122065228133
Onyango, G. (2021). Whistleblower protection in developing countries: a review of challenges and prospects. SN Business & Economics, 1(12). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-021-00169-z
Oswin, N. (2020). An other geography. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820619890433
Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2018). Unpacking the Inequality Paradox: The Psychological Roots of Inequality and Social Class (J. M. Olson (ed.); Vol. 57, pp. 53–124). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.10.002
Pils, E., & Svensson, M. (2019). Academic freedom is under threat around the world – here’s how to defend it. Theconversation.Com. https://theconversation.com/Academic-Freedom-Is-under-Threat-around-the-World-Heres-How-to-Defend-It-118220
Pradana, D. A., Mahfud, M., Hermawan, C., & Susanti, H. D. (2020). Nasionalism: Character Education Orientation in Learning Development. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(4), 4026–4034. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i4.1501
Prakasa, S. U. W. (2018). Bantuan Dana Bank Dunia Dalam Perspektif Pemenuhan Hak-hak Ekosob: Studi Kasus Pada Sektor Pendidikan di Indonesia. Ajudikasi : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 2(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi.v2i2.692
Prakasa, S. U. W. (2020). Menguji Kebebasan Akademik di Indonesia "Konferensi Online Hak Asasi Manusia, Kebudayaan dan Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Indonesia pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19: Tantangan Untuk Keilmuan Hukum dan Sosial.
Putusan a.n Terdakwa Saiful Mahdi, (2020).
Roos, M., & Hoffart, F. M. (2020). Climate Change and Responsibility. Climate Economics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48423-1_6
Ryan, A. (2016). Academic Freedom and the “Truth Function.” In In Why Academic Freedom Matters: A response to current challenges (pp. 49–64). Civitas.
Sawhney, S., Kumar, K., & Gupta, A. (2019). Adopting strategic management in higher education in India: Need, challenges and ideas. International Journal of Management Practice, 12(2), 246–260. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMP.2019.098653
Scholars at Risk. (2019). Report of the Scholars at Risk Academic Freedom Monitoring Project.
Setzer, J., & Vanhala, L. C. (2019). Climate change litigation: A review of research on courts and litigants in climate governance. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 10(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.580
Steinert, Y., O’Sullivan, P. S., & Irby, D. M. (2019). Strengthening Teachers’ Professional Identities Through Faculty Development. Academic Medicine, 94(7). https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2019/07000/Strengthening_Teachers__Professional_Identities.26.aspx
Suissa, J., & Sullivan, A. (2021). The Gender Wars, Academic Freedom and Education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 55(1), 55–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12549
Tamanaha, B. Z. (1997). Realistic Socio-Legal Theory: Pragmatism and a Social Theory of Law. Oxford University Press UK.
Taylor, Z. W., Somers, P., & Childs, J. (2022). Research , Teaching , Both , or Neither : How GoKAR ! Redefines Academic Freedom in a Post-truth Society. AAUP Journal of Academic Freedom, 13(November).
Tempo.co. (2019). Kaukus Kebebasan Akademik: Kampus Belum Terbebas dari Represi. https://nasional.tempo.co/Read/1289428/Kaukus-Kebebasan-Akademik-Kampus-Belum-Terbebas-Dari-Represi
Tempo.co. (2020). UI Tuding Pembicara Diskusi BEM UI soal Papua Tidak Layak. https://nasional.tempo.co/Read/1350690/Ui-Tuding-Pembicara-Diskusi-Bem-Ui-Soal-Papua-Tidak-Layak/Full&view=ok
The Conversation. (2022). Data Bicara: setidaknya 64 dosen, mahasiswa, dan individu lain jadi korban pelanggaran kebebasan akademik selama 2019-2022. Theconversation.Id.
Tierney, W. (1993). Academic Freedom and the Parameters of Knowledge. Harvard Educational Review, 63(2), 143–161. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.63.2.5625h5mn0362hm00
Tomaševski, K. (2001). Right to education primers no. 3. Novum Grafiska AB.
Ulum, B. (2022). Equality Value in the Systems of the Democracy of the Tribal People of Baduy. Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS), 1(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.56784/hrgs.v1i1.7
Ulven, J. B., & Wangen, G. (2021). A Systematic Review of Cybersecurity Risks in Higher Education. In Future Internet (Vol. 13, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13020039
Vials, C. R. (2016). The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) and the Contradictions of Academic Freedom. Journal of Asian American Studies, 19(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2016.0009
Vrielink, J., Lemmens, P., & Parmentier, S. (2011). Academic Freedom as a Fundamental Right. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 13, 117–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.009
Watts, R. (2021). What crisis of academic freedom?: Australian universities after French. Australian Universities’ Review, 63(1), 8–18. http://www.aur.org.au/article/What-crisis-of-academic-freedom%3F-Australian-universities-after-French-%28AUR-63-01%29-22712
Wicaksana Prakasa, S. U. (2019). Anti-Corruption Survivor, Academic Freedom, and the Challenges. Petita: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Syariah, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.22373/petita.v4i2.22
Wiratraman, H. P. (2018). Kebebasan Akademik, Neo-Feodalisme dan Penindasan HAM dalam buku. In Hak Asasi Manusia: Politik, Hukum, dan Agama di Indonesia (pp. 53–54). CHRM2.
Wiratraman, H. P., & Putro, W. D. (2019). Tantangan Metode Penelitian Interdisipliner Dalam Pendidikan Hukum Indonesia. Jurnal Mimbar Hukum, 31(3), 402–418.
Wit, H. de, & Altbach, P. G. (2021). Internationalization in higher education: global trends and recommendations for its future. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 5(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1820898
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Satria Unggul Wicaksana Prakasa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
